How to Help Building Envelopes Survive Extreme Weather Events

The roof is one of the most vulnerable parts of a building envelope. High winds can rip segments off, windborne debris can puncture shingles, and heavy rainfall can seep through. Siding follows closely behind because it can be damaged in similar ways. Windows, doors, skylights, chimneys, and external vents are other weak points when severe weather occurs.

While foundations are more resilient than the rest of the building envelope, they are still vulnerable to extreme weather—particularly flooding and severe thunderstorms. Outcomes range from mold buildup to compromised structural integrity.

Nearly 50% of residential buildings in the United States are at risk of significant or extreme damage because of these events—even those that haven’t been historically affected.

Often, the danger isn’t hypothetical. By one estimate, 14,000,000 homes experience weather damage annually, whether from hurricane-strength winds or hailstorms. Major insurers have pulled out of at-risk areas due to the uptick in extreme weather events. Many homeowners simply can’t afford that reality. For reference, the cost of repairing wind damage alone ranges from $2,000 to $15,000 on average. Residential construction workers must prioritize building envelope longevity and sturdiness.

Climate and Location Considerations

Of course, climate and location are essential factors for any professional evaluating the impact of severe weather events on building envelopes.

Climate-specific weather events should be a major consideration. For example, ice dams form more often in colder climates, which can cause a roof to sag—or potentially collapse—after a heavy snowfall. The inevitable freeze-thaw cycle can cause rot and encourage mold growth.

In hot, arid climates, wildfires are far more likely. The resulting smoke can infiltrate a building envelope through gaps, causing extensive damage. In warmer climates close to water, tropical cyclones cause extensive wind and water damage, especially during hurricane season.

In addition to affecting the frequency of some weather events, location can affect wind speed and temperature. Urban areas become heat islands because they contain massive amounts of metal, steel, and concrete. On the other hand, homes in suburbs and rural areas aren’t sheltered by tall structures, making them more prone to wind damage.

How to Ensure Building Envelopes Survive Severe Weather

On average, extreme weather events—flooding, tropical cyclones, freezes, thunderstorms, and wildfires—cost $61.8 billion annually. Residential construction must evolve to keep pace as these events become more common.

Roof-Hardening Strategies

Roof-hardening strategies prevent air from getting underneath segments, keeping them from flying off during thunderstorms or tornadoes. Properly fastening drip edges and using tighter nail spacing to fasten roof decking to trusses is essential.

A green roof—a waterproof membrane, growing medium and vegetation—could also help building envelopes survive severe weather. It collects and disperses rainfall, delaying the flow rate by up to three hours and reducing stormwater flow from the roof by up to 65%.

Tight Building Envelope

A tight building envelope has fewer gaps and air leaks, preventing moisture, wildfire smoke, and windborne debris from infiltrating or accumulating in concealed spots. Opting for insulated doors and windows may seem like a minor upgrade, but it helps substantially. Continuous air barriers are essential as a last line of defense.

Extensive Waterproofing

Waterproofing roofs, siding, windows, and doors is essential for safeguarding against heavy rainfall and flooding. Builders should also prioritize proper roof flashing and sealing around skylights, external vents, and chimneys. Materials must be suitable for the climate.

Because of capillary action, water can flow upward—surface tension draws it into the tight spaces in between metal roofing sheets. Residential contractors should seal gaps, install a continuous moisture barrier, and use anti-capillary tweezers to mitigate the effect.

Temperature Control

Preparing for heatwaves and freezes mitigates moisture and ultraviolet damage, preventing warping and mold growth. Living buildings are resilient to extreme temperatures. For instance, green roofs are up to 40 degrees Fahrenheit cooler during the day than conventional roofs. They also reduce energy use by around 0.7%.

Making Residential Construction Resilient

Whether builders opt for weatherizing or cutting-edge efficiency additions, they can easily make new and existing homes more resilient to extreme weather events.